What is industrialization? This term is understood as a process in which most of the state's resources are spent on the development of industry. First of all, there is an accelerated development of such industries that are called upon to manufacture the means of production. In this process, the agricultural economy is transformed into an industrial one.

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Scientific and technological progress served as a prerequisite for industrialization in Europe. A significant leap in the development of industry occurred due to major discoveries in the field of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology.

In order to understand what industrialization is, it is necessary to highlight the main features that a state has that has overcome the economic transition to a more developed level:

• urbanization;
• class antagonism;
• the transfer of power into the hands of the owners;
• little social mobility;
• representative democracy.

A society in which the above signs are present refers to a state in which the process of industrialization has successfully passed.

industrial revolutions

Pre-industrial technologies did not allow the economy to develop, as a result of which people were forced to be on the verge of physical survival. Most of the European population in the Middle Ages was involved in agriculture. Under such conditions, famine in the cities was a frequent occurrence.

The inhabitants of Great Britain were the first to learn about what industrialization is. In the 18th century, the industrial revolution took place, as a result of which it was possible to significantly increase the level of agricultural productivity. The first transformations were based on the introduction of innovative methods in the production of steam parts and cast iron, textiles, and the spread of railways. This leap in development was caused by a number of inventions. The second industrial revolution took place at the beginning of the 20th century. Serious achievements in the field of science have already become prerequisites for it.

USSR

What industrialization is, every Soviet person felt from his own experience. The main feature of this process was a sharp deterioration in the general standard of living of citizens. In domestic economic science there is such a term as Stalin's industrialization. It is understood as an extremely rapid increase in the industrial potential of the state. In order to understand the reasons that necessitated this process, one should consider the history of economic development in Russia in a broader aspect.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the country was in need of modernization. In Tsarist Russia, it was customary to accumulate resources in order to make the ruble a convertible currency. The main goal in economic policy was foreign investment. When the Bolsheviks came to power, the issue of modernization was still relevant. But the new government decided it differently.

In the thirties, at the top, it was decided to raise Soviet society to the level of industrial in a short time. The main condition for achieving this goal was the absolute denial of the market and democracy. Stalin's industrialization assumed the implementation of Lenin's plan for the construction of socialism, the result of which was to be the creation of heavy industry.

five year plan

During the so-called five-year plans, significant results were achieved in the modernization of the state, which, according to many researchers, ensured victory in the Great Patriotic War. The industrialization of industry in the thirties was part of the Soviet ideology and the most important achievement of the USSR. However, the scope and historical significance of this process were reconsidered in the 1980s and even became the subject of ongoing discussion. A few words should be said about what preceded such an economic phenomenon as industrialization in the young Soviet state.

Lenin

The Soviet revolutionary paid great attention to the development of the economy. During the Civil War, the government began to develop a long-term plan for the electrification of the country. According to the plan, it was necessary to build 30 power stations within fifteen years. At the same time, the transport system was reconstructed.

The industrialization of the country is a process in which the main task is the development of modern industry and agriculture using scientific achievements. Electricity generation in the thirties increased almost seven times compared to 1913 figures. Consequently, the beginning of the process of industrialization was laid during the reign of Lenin.

Positive Consequences

The peculiarities of industrialization in the USSR lie in the fact that all funds were spent on the development of heavy industry, while in other countries light industry was preferred in this economic process. Western countries sought to draw resources from outside. In the USSR, internal reserves were used, which had an extremely negative impact on the standard of living of ordinary people. However, there were also some positives:

• construction of new enterprises;
• development of new industries;
• transformation from an agrarian power into an industrial one;
• strengthening the country's defense capability;
• elimination of unemployment.

Negative Consequences

In the course of industrialization, the main economic laws, which led to rather negative consequences:

• centralization of industry management;
• undermining the development of light and food industries;
• unproductive distribution of productive forces;
• riots and accidents that occurred as a result of ultra-high rates;
• isolation of the country's economy from the world;
• the absence of the material principle of stimulating labor.

Industrialization and society

Since this process was an important component of the Soviet ideology, it could not but affect not only the economic sphere, but also the lives of ordinary people. Ten years after the communists came to power, the country reached a level corresponding to the pre-war period. It was necessary to move on, but the resources were not available. External investment for the Soviet government was impossible. The way out was collectivization. The consequences of this tough measure are hunger, homelessness, an increase in mortality ...

It was possible to create heavy industry in a few years, but it had to be done at the expense of the overwhelming majority of the population.

To implement the grandiose plans for industrialization, professional personnel were also required, most of whom were in prisons and camps in the thirties. The years 1926-1927 were the time of a landmark show trial, which decided the fate of Donbass engineers accused of sabotage. Then other high-profile cases followed, after which there were no frames left. And the Soviet government decided to train new ones. This was done so rapidly that the level of "professionals" left much to be desired. It is not surprising that Soviet factories and plants produced so many low-quality and defective products.

The USSR became an industrial power. However, this happened through a grandiose drop in the material and spiritual standard of living of ordinary citizens.

The economic power of the state was aimed not at meeting the urgent needs of the people, but at strengthening the totalitarian regime and asserting ideological dogma-bolshevism in the minds of people, creating military-economic resources for the "export of the revolution." Industrialization was carried out at the expense of the peasants, accompanied by mass repressions.

In general, the accelerated industrialization of Ukraine did not lead to an increase in the living standards of the people. In the 1930s again there were huge queues, food cards, a shortage of the most necessary. Urbanization has led to a significant complication of housing and food problems.

In the course of industrialization, the centralization of industrial management intensified, command-administrative methods of management were established; a course was taken for the militarization of industry. The state renounced the New Economic Policy and began by coercive means to exploit additional funds from the peasants to speed up industrialization. In fact, the material principle of stimulating labor has disappeared. The work of the workers was stimulated by non-economic means and, above all, by the development of "socialist competition".

In the first five-year plan, the bet was placed on monopoly enterprises (the Zaporizhzhya Kommunar plant, which produced grain harvesters, the Lugansk locomotive building plant, etc.), which subsequently practically crushed the entire economy of the country.

The industrial potential of Ukraine (as well as the entire USSR) was formed disproportionately: the traditional industrial regions - Donbass and the Dnieper region - were strengthened and expanded, and the industry of the fairly densely populated Right Bank lagged behind in the pace of development.

Conclusion

In the disclosure of this topic, I made the following conclusion:

Industrialization - a system of measures aimed at the creation of large-scale machine production and the accelerated development of industry for the purpose of technical re-equipment and strengthening the country's defense capability.

The forms and methods of industrial management that developed in the 1920s and 1930s became part of the economic mechanism, which was preserved for a long time. It was characterized by excessive centralization, directive command and suppression of local initiative. The functions of economic and party bodies were not clearly delineated, which interfered in all aspects of the activities of industrial enterprises.

The main reasons for industrialization were: a departure from the New economic policy, general industrialization of the USSR, the course towards "accelerated socialist construction", Stalin's course of the "great turning point"

One of the features of industrialization in Ukraine was a significant lag behind the modernization of light and food industries from heavy industry due to the smaller scale of capital construction and insufficient raw material base.

In 1937, in terms of absolute volumes of industrial production, the USSR took second place in the world after the United States. The import of non-ferrous metals, rail rolling mills, excavators, turbines, steam locomotives and other types of industrial products from abroad has ceased. Ukraine became an industrialized republic of the USSR. It ranked second in Europe (after Germany) in iron smelting, third in steel production (after Germany and Great Britain), and fourth in the world in coal production. The technical and economic independence of the USSR from Western countries was ensured.

Industrialization in the USSR

one). Definition: industrialization is the process of creating large-scale machine production in all sectors of the economy and, first of all, in industry.

2). Background of industrialization. In 1928, the country completed the recovery period, reached the level of 1913, but the Western countries have gone far ahead during this time. As a result, the USSR lagged behind. Techno-economic backwardness could become chronic and turn into historical.

3). The need for industrialization. Economic - large-scale industry, and first of all group A (production of means of production), determines economic development country in general, and agricultural development in particular. Social - without industrialization, it is impossible to develop the economy, and, consequently, the social sphere: education, healthcare, recreation, social security. Military-political - without industrialization it is impossible to ensure the technical and economic independence of the country and its defense power.

four). industrialization conditions: the consequences of the devastation have not been fully eliminated, international economic relations have not been established, there is not enough experienced personnel, the need for machines is met through imports.

5). Goals, methods, sources and timing of industrialization. Objectives: the transformation of Russia from an agrarian-industrial country into an industrial power, ensuring technical and economic independence, strengthening defense power and raising the welfare of the people, demonstrating the advantages of socialism. Sources: internal loans, siphoning funds from the countryside, income from foreign trade, cheap labor, the enthusiasm of workers, the labor of prisoners. Methods: The state initiative is supported by enthusiasm from below. Command-administrative methods dominate. Terms and rates: Short terms of industrialization and shock rates of its implementation. The growth of the industry was planned - 20% per year.

6). Beginning of industrialization. December 1925 - The 14th Party Congress emphasized the absolute possibility of the victory of socialism in one country and set a course for industrialization. In 1925, the restoration period ended and the period of reconstruction of the national economy began. 1926 - the beginning of the practical implementation of industrialization. About 1 billion rubles have been invested in industry. This is 2.5 times more than in 1925. In 1926-28. large-scale industry doubled, and gross industry reached 132% of the 1913 level.

7). Negative aspects of industrialization: commodity hunger, ration cards (1928-1935), decline wages, lack of highly qualified personnel, migration of the population and aggravation of housing problems, difficulties in establishing new production, mass accidents and breakdowns, as a result - the search for the perpetrators.

eight). Pre-war five-year plans. During the years of the first five-year plan (1928/1929 - 1932/1933), adopted by the 5th Congress of Soviets in May 1929, the USSR turned from an agrarian-industrial country into an industrial-agrarian one. 1500 enterprises were built. Despite the fact that the first five-year plan turned out to be significantly underfulfilled in almost all indicators, the industry made a huge leap. New industries were created - automobile, tractor, etc. Industrial development achieved even greater success during the years of the second five-year plan (1933-1937). At that time, the construction of new plants and factories continued, and the urban population increased sharply. At the same time, the proportion of manual labor was large, light industry did not receive proper development, and little attention was paid to the construction of housing and roads.

Main directions of economic activity: the accelerated pace of development of group A, the annual increase in industrial output - 20%. The main task is the creation of a second coal and metallurgical base in the east, the creation of new industries, the struggle to master new technology, the development of an energy base, and the training of qualified specialists.

The main new buildings of the first five-year plans: Dneproges; Stalingrad, Kharkov and Chelyabinsk tractor plants; Krivoy Rog, Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants; automobile plants in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod; canals Moscow-Volga, Belomoro-Baltiysky, etc.

labor enthusiasm. The role and importance of moral factors were great. Since 1929 mass socialist competition has developed. Movement - "five-year plan in 4 years". Since 1935, the "Stakhanov movement" has become the main form of socialist competition.

The results and significance of industrialization.

Outcomes: 9 thousand large industrial enterprises equipped with the most advanced technology have been put into operation, new industries have been created: tractor, automobile, aviation, tank, chemical, machine-tool building. Gross industrial output increased 6.5 times, including group A - 10 times. In terms of industrial output, the USSR came out on top in Europe and second in the world. Industrial construction has spread to remote areas and national outskirts, the social structure and demographic situation in the country has changed (40% of the urban population). The number of workers and engineering and technical intelligentsia increased sharply. Funds for industrial development were taken by robbing the peasantry driven into collective farms, forced loans, expanding the sale of vodka, exporting grain, oil, and timber abroad. The exploitation of the working class, other sections of the population, prisoners of the Gulag has reached an unprecedented level. At the cost of enormous exertion of forces, sacrifices, predatory waste natural resources the country entered the industrial path of development.

52. Collectivization of agriculture in the USSR

Chronological framework: 1929 -1937 Definition: collectivization is the replacement of the system of small-ownership peasant farming by large socialized agricultural producers.

Two problems: to what extent the national characteristics of Russia (a peasant land community) and collectivization correlate, and to what extent the building of socialism presupposes collectivization.

Economic background. Agriculture in 1925: the size of the crops almost equaled the level of 1913, and the gross grain harvest even exceeded the pre-war level. The sale and purchase of land is prohibited, but leasing is allowed. The total number - 24 million peasant farms (the bulk of the middle peasants - 61%). 1926 -1927 - sown area is 10% higher than pre-war. The gross harvest exceeds the pre-war one by 18-20%. The total number of farms is 25 million (the bulk are still middle peasants 63%). Basically, manual labor prevails. The gross harvest of grain is growing, but marketable grain is almost not increasing. There are difficulties with grain procurements, which in 1927-28. develop into a crisis: the disruption of the grain procurement plan, the introduction of cards in the cities.

Reasons for the crisis: low productivity, low marketability, and grain strikes are the result of unequal exchange between town and country. Low purchase prices for bread push the peasants to sabotage grain procurements, and the government in response resorts to emergency measures: tax increases, strict discipline in terms of payments, confiscations, repressions, dispossession.

political background. Associated with the strong-willed decision of the Soviet leadership. It draws a conclusion about the insolvency of the small peasantry in the current situation and sets the task of ensuring state control over agriculture, and thereby tries to solve the problem of the uninterrupted flow of funds for industrialization. The course towards collectivization was based on the conclusions of the economist and statistician Nemchinov.

The course towards collectivization (adopted by the 15th Party Congress in 1927). The beginning of collectivization was preceded by preparations for it, which consisted of technical assistance to the village, the creation of MTS, the development of cooperation, financial assistance to collective farms and state farms, the policy of limiting the kulaks, and assistance to the working class. The main forms of cooperation: TOZs (partnerships for cultivating the land), artels (collective farms), communes (socialization reaches an extreme degree).

A year of great change. In November 1929, Stalin's article "The Year of the Great Change" was published, which became the ideological justification for forced collectivization: "The middle peasants went to the collective farm, which means that we can start forcing collectivization." In 1929-1930. A number of resolutions of the Central Committee, Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars were adopted, which concretized the course towards complete collectivization and the elimination of the kulaks as a class. In carrying out collectivization, the Bolshevik Party relied on part of the poorest peasantry and the working class. 35,000 workers were sent to the countryside to organize collective farms.

Measures against kulaks. Punitive measures were used against active opponents of Soviet power (eviction to remote areas, obtaining land outside the collective farm array). The criteria for dividing kulaks and subkulakists were very vague (wealthy peasants were sometimes included). In total, about 1 million peasant farms were dispossessed.

Excesses in collectivization: coercion to join collective farms, unreasonable dispossession, forced socialization of residential buildings, small livestock, poultry, vegetable gardens. As a result: mass slaughter of livestock (1/2 of the livestock was destroyed), a mass exit of peasants from the collective farm, a wave of uprisings (kulak revolts). March 2, 1930 - Stalin's article "Dizziness from success" is published. He laid the blame for the excesses in carrying out collectivization and dispossession on the local leadership. On March 14, 1930, the decision of the Central Committee on the fight against the distortion of the party line in the collective farm movement began to overcome excesses and, as a result, forcibly created collective farms were dissolved. By August 1930, a little more than 20% of farms remained in them.

A new upsurge in the collective-farm movement took place in the autumn of 1930 and 1931. Expanding government sector in the countryside, state farms are being created. The machine and tractor stations (MTS), which previously operated as joint-stock enterprises, were nationalized. At the beginning of 1931, a new wave of dispossession began, which provided free labor for numerous five-year construction projects. The result of repression was the growth of collective farms. By the end of 1932, more than 60% of farms consisted of collective farms and state farms. This year was declared "the year of complete collectivization."

Famine of 1932-1933 If 1930 gave a high harvest, then in 1932 an unexpected famine broke out. Causes: unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought), a drop in productivity due to collectivization, a backward technical base, an increase in procurement (for cities and for export). The geography of the famine is Ukraine, the Southern Urals, the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan and the Volga region. Victims of hunger: 3-4 million people. On August 7, 1932, the USSR adopted the Law on the Protection of Socialist Property, popularly called the "law on three spikelets", which provided for a ten-year term of imprisonment or execution for theft of collective farm property. It was during this period that 18 million centners of grain were exported abroad to receive foreign currency and pay foreign bills. Collectivization stopped. But already in the summer of 1934, the beginning of its final stage was announced.

Completion of collectivization. In 1932, equalization in the collective farms was overcome - workdays, piece work, and brigade organization of labor were introduced. In 1933 - political departments and MTS were created (1934 - 280 thousand tractors). In 1935, the card system was abolished. 1937 - state acts were handed over to collective farms for perpetual possession of land. The collective farm system has finally won. 90% of households were in collective farms and state farms. By 1937, at the cost of colossal sacrifices (human and material), collectivization was completed.

The results of collectivization: Negative - reduction of agricultural / household. production, undermining the productive forces of agriculture. According to some indicators, the level of 1928 was reached only in the mid-1950s. There was a radical change in the way of life of the bulk of the country's population (depeasantization). Large human losses - 7-8 million (hunger, dispossession, resettlement). Positive - the release of a significant part of the workforce for other areas of production. Statement of the food business under the control of the state on the eve of the Great Patriotic War.

53. The policy of the Soviet government in the field of culture in the 1920-1930s.

The cultural revolution was considered by the Bolsheviks as the most important condition for building socialism. The main task in this area was

the creation of a new (socialist) culture and the rise

the general cultural level of the people. pursued. The most significant of the public cultural, educational, literary and artistic organizations of the post-revolutionary years was the Proletkult.

The proletarian movement set itself the task of creating a new proletarian culture and subordinating art to the goals of the proletarian struggle. In the second half of the 20s. over public literary, educational and other organizations, including communist ones, tighter control was established, and in the early 1930s their activities completely ceased. Were created

bodies of sectoral management of culture - Soyuzkino (1930), the All-Union Committee for Radio and Broadcasting (1933), the All-Union Committee for Higher Education (1936), the All-Union Committee for Art (1936), etc. The unification and regulation of culture was carried out, its subordination to general ideological principles. The creative intelligentsia united in single all-union organizations - the Union of Soviet Architects, Composers (1932), writers, artists (1934). The authorities supported those representatives of science and art who accepted the revolution (K.A. Timiryazev, I.P. Pavlov, N.E. Zhukovsky and others). With regard to the intelligentsia, which openly took anti-Soviet positions, unfolded

repression. Many prominent philosophers (“philosophical ship”), artists and writers were expelled, some voluntarily left Russia. A partial or complete ban was introduced on the publication of the works of some authors (N.S. Gumilyova, A.P. Platonov). Since 1927, the persecution of the work of S.A. Yesenin.

There was a fight against religion. In 1927, the Soviet government liquidated the patriarchate (which was restored only in 1943), after which another massive attack on all religions began.

A heavy legacy of pre-revolutionary Russia was mass illiteracy. The Constitution of the RSFSR secured the right to “complete, comprehensive and free education. The proportion of literate people among the population increased from 40% in 1917 to 90% in 1939. Since 1930, universal compulsory primary education has been introduced in the country. During the years of the second and third five-year plans, a universal seven-year (incomplete secondary) education was introduced. At the same time, there were still many illiterates in rural areas (23%).

The leaders of the Soviet government were faced with the task of restoring the scientific potential of the country and putting it at the service of socialist construction. A.F. successfully worked during these years. Ioffe and D.S. Rozhdestvensky (in the field of lithium atom fission), V.I. Vernadsky (biochemistry and the study of the biosphere), and others. At the same time, a number of scientific areas were closed as “false”: research in the field of molecular biology, cybernetics, and heliobiology ceased.

54. Foreign policy of the USSR in 1920-1930.

The hopes of the Bolshevik leaders for the coming world communist revolution were not realized. The impossibility of solving the problem of victory over imperialism in the near future by military means confronted the Soviet leadership with the task of normalizing relations with the imperialist countries.

In October 1921, the Soviet government sent notes to the governments of the USA, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan about its readiness for economic cooperation. Western governments were sure that in the conditions of the economic crisis and crop failure, the Bolsheviks would make concessions. European governments decided to convene international economic conference and invite Soviet Russia to it.

The conference was held from April 10 to May 19, 1922 in Genoa (Italy). 29 countries took part in its work. Lenin was the chairman of the Soviet delegation; he remained in Moscow, and in Genoa the delegation was led by People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs GV Chicherin.

Speaking with pacifist program, doomed to failure in advance, the Soviet delegation expressed its readiness to recognize pre-war debts (before 1914) and compensate for losses for nationalized enterprises by leasing or concessioning them. In exchange for this, it was proposed to recognize the Soviet state, provide it with loans and compensate for the damage caused by the intervention and blockade (39 billion gold rubles). Representatives of the Entente powers refused to recognize the Soviet claims, referring to the lack of financial documents drawn up in accordance with international law.

It was not possible to reach an agreement. Therefore, it was decided to transfer the consideration of all controversial issues to a conference of experts, which took place in The Hague (June 26 - July 19, 1922). The conference in The Hague also ended in vain.

More effectively evolved for Soviet Russia bilateral relations. During the work of the Genoa Conference in the suburbs of Genoa, Rapallo, a bilateral agreement was signed with Germany (April 16, 1922), which was infringed by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Chicherin and German Foreign Minister Rathenau signed an agreement that provided for the restoration of diplomatic relations between the RSFSR and Germany, the mutual refusal of the parties to reimburse military expenses and losses, and the costs of maintaining prisoners of war. Germany renounced the claims of the state and individuals in connection with the cancellation of old debts and the nationalization of foreign property in Soviet Russia "on the condition that the government of the RSFSR will not satisfy similar claims of other states." The united anti-Soviet front was split. The Soviet-German agreement angered the Entente.

In 1924 positive changes took place in relations between the USSR and the West. Diplomatic relations were established with Great Britain. This was followed by a strip of recognition of the Soviet state by Italy, France, Scandinavian countries, Austria, Greece, China. Since 1924 to 1925 Russia signed about 40 agreements and treaties, including the Japanese-Soviet convention. Of the great powers, only the United States denied recognition to the Soviet Union. December 17, 1925 A treaty of friendship and neutrality was signed with Turkey. Established diplomatic relations with Mexico (1924) and Uruguay (1926).

One of the biggest crises in Anglo-Soviet relations was the events of May-June 1923, when Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs M. M. Litvinov received a memorandum containing a number of ultimatum demands ("Curzon's ultimatum"). In the mid 1920s. Soviet Union was recognized by the world community as a sovereign subject of international relations.

In the foreign policy of the USSR at the end of 1920–1930. three main periods can be distinguished:

1) 1928–1933- an alliance with Germany, opposing Western democracies;

2) 1933–1939- gradual rapprochement with England, France and the United States in the face of a growing threat from Germany and Japan;

3) June 1939–1941- rapprochement with Germany (up to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War).

In the first period, Japanese aggression in Manchuria contributed to the improvement of relations with China. Support for China was further reduced and completely stopped after the conclusion of the Soviet-Japanese treaty from April 13, 1941

Between 1928 and 1933 the most active economic and diplomatic relations were established with Germany, but after the National Socialists came to power, the Western policy of the USSR changed radically and acquired a clear anti-German character.

AT 1935 mutual aid treaties were signed with France and Czechoslovakia.

The duality of the USSR's policy was revealed in 1939, when, simultaneously with the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations taking place in July-August about the German threat, there were secret negotiations with Germany, which ended with the signing August 23 Moscow non-aggression pact. It was signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Ribbentrop from the German side and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. M. Molotov- from the Soviet.

From the very beginning of the war, the secret protocols of the pact Molotov-Ribbentrop came into action: from September 17 to September 29, 1939, the Red Army occupied the western regions of Belarus and Ukraine. September 28, 1939 The Soviet-German Treaty "On Friendship and Borders" was signed, defining the border between Germany and the USSR approximately along the Curzon line.

At the same time there were forced preparations for war. Thus, the number of armed forces of the USSR for 2 pre-war years tripled (about 5.3 million people), the output of military products increased significantly, and appropriations for military needs in 1940 reached 32.6% state budget. On the other hand, the necessary scale for the production of modern weapons was never achieved, mistakes were made in the development of military doctrine, and the combat capability of the army was weakened by mass repressions, during which more than 40 thousand commanders and political workers were destroyed, and stubborn ignorance of information about the training Germany was not allowed to bring the troops to combat readiness in time for the war.

55. USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

June 22, 1941. Germany, violating the non-aggression pact, started a war against the USSR. From the very beginning, events took an unfavorable turn for the USSR, as the Germans used the element of surprise.
It must be assumed that, nevertheless, the upcoming war was not a secret for the leadership of the Soviet Union, the power, swiftness and treachery of the first strike were a surprise. Up to 90% of all available troops, the Germans immediately put into action.
Soviet troops were not ready for such a war. Many parts were understaffed. In addition, the Germans managed to inflict massive strikes on our aircraft. The German army was in high combat readiness, had the experience of a two-year modern war in Europe.
Nevertheless, from the very first hours of the war, the Red Army began to offer fierce resistance.
In the initial period of the war, significant parts of the Red Army were surrounded, since the German troops were distinguished by high mobility, better equipment with radio communications, and superiority in tanks. The largest encirclements were in the Bialystok ledge, near Uman and Poltava, near Kyiv, Smolensk, Vyazma. But the German blitzkrieg failed. Moreover, for the first time during the Second World War, German troops had to go on the defensive during the Battle of Smolensk, when a large German group under Yelney. By the autumn of 1941, German troops were on the outskirts of Leningrad, but they could not take it. Soviet troops under the command of Zhukov stopped them. started 900 day blockade and defense of Leningrad.
Under the leadership of Zhukov, the Red Army also managed to stop the German troops on the outskirts of Moscow and go on the counteroffensive, inflicting a severe defeat on the Army Group Center. This was the first strategic defeat inflicted on the German army during World War II. The offensive of the Red Army continued until April 1942.
In 1942, after unsuccessful attempts by the Red Army to advance in the Crimea and near Kharkov, the Germans began an offensive on the southern flank of the front to capture the Caucasus and the Volga region.
One of the largest battles of the Great Patriotic and World War II broke out near Stalingrad. The Germans failed to take Stalingrad, and the Red Army, having exhausted the enemy, went on the offensive, surrounding the remnants of Paulus' 6th Army.
The victory at Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the course of the war. The Red Army seized the strategic initiative and held it until complete victory over the enemy.
The fundamental change in the course of the war is the interception of the strategic initiative, the transition from defense to a strategic offensive, a change in the balance of forces.
Based on this definition, most historians believe that the main events of the second stage of the war (“radical turning point”) were: the defeat of German troops in the battle of Stalingrad (November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943) and the Battle of Kursk (July 5 - August 23, 1943)
The main event of 1943 was the Battle of Kursk, the last attempt at a German strategic offensive. The German shock tank units did not manage to break through the defenses of the Red Army, which, having launched a counteroffensive, liberated Orel, Belgorod, by the end of 1943 - Kyiv and entered the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1944 is marked by the decisive victories of the Red Army, the largest of which was the defeat of Army Group Center in Belarus.
In the same year, the blockade of Leningrad was finally lifted, most of the Baltic states were liberated, and Soviet troops reached the state border of the USSR. Romania and Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the anti-Hitler coalition.
In June 1944, the allies of the USSR - the USA and England opened second front in northern France.
1945 is the year of the final defeat of Nazi Germany. A series of crushing offensives of the Red Army ended with the assault and capture of Berlin.
During the war, the USSR, the USA and Great Britain formed anti-Hitler coalition. In May - July 1942, it already included 26 states. Before the opening of the second front, assistance to the Soviet Union from the allies consisted in the supply of weapons, equipment, food and some types of raw materials.
After the end of the war with Germany, the USSR, fulfilling its allied obligations, enters the war with Japan.
On August 6 and 8, 1945, the Americans carried out an atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On August 8, 1945, the USSR declares war on Japan, and 24 days later Japan capitulates. On September 2, 1945, the act of unconditional surrender of Japan was signed on board the American battleship Missouri. World War II is over.
During the war, the USSR lost approximately 28 million people. A huge number of cities, villages, etc. were destroyed. At the same time, the Soviet Union emerged from the war with an immeasurably increased international prestige.

56. USSR in the first post-war decade.

5. Economic and social consequences of industrialization.

Positive

Achievement of economic independence.

The transformation of the USSR into a powerful industrial and agrarian power.

Strengthening the country's defense capability, creating a powerful military-industrial complex.

Creation of the technical base of agriculture.

The development of new industries, the construction of new factories and plants.

Negative

Formation of a command-administrative economy.

Creation of opportunities for the military-political expansion of the USSR, militarization of the economy.

Slowdown in the development of the production of consumer goods.

Complete collectivization of agriculture.

Stimulating the extensive development of the economy, moving towards an ecological catastrophe.

In general, the accelerated industrialization of Ukraine did not lead to an increase in the living standards of the people.

The economic power of the state was aimed not at meeting the urgent needs of the people, but at strengthening the totalitarian regime and asserting the ideological dogmas of Bolshevism in the minds of the people, creating military and economic resources for the "export of the revolution."

The policy of continuous collectivization and depeasantization of Ukraine. Its social and economic consequences.

1. The essence of collectivization.

The collectivization of agriculture was one of the important directions in the creation of the Stalinist model of a socialist society.

Cooperation is a voluntary association of people who contribute material resources for joint economic activities.

Collectivization - the repressive policy of the Stalinist regime in the 30s, which consisted in the forcible unification of peasants into collective farms and the liquidation of independent peasant farms.

In the plan of the 1st five-year plan, it was envisaged to unite 18-20% of peasant farms into collective farms, and in Ukraine - 30%. However, soon there were calls for forced collectivization. One of its initiators was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U, S. Kosior, who spoke in November 1929 in favor of carrying out collectivization within a year. The goals of collectivization were:

Accelerating the process of industrialization by robbing the village;

Providing industry with cheap labor;

Solving the bread problem in the country;

The liquidation of the prosperous peasantry - the "enemy" of the Soviet regime.

2. The course of collectivization in Ukraine.

In the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of January 6, 1930, it was supposed to complete collectivization in Ukraine in the spring of 1932. Through violence, threats, and false promises, by the beginning of March 1930, 62.8% of peasant farms in Ukraine were covered by collective farms. All the property of the peasants was taken to the collective farms, which gave rise to resistance, in a number of places even armed. But it was suppressed. Out of desperation, the peasants began to sell or slaughter livestock, spoil inventory. This led to the disorganization of agricultural production, and urgent measures were needed to correct the situation.

On March 13, 1930, Stalin appeared in Pravda with an article entitled "Dizziness from Success" in which he condemned "excesses" in collective-farm construction. The Soviet leader laid all the blame for the repressive methods of collectivization on local leaders. Peasants were allowed to leave the collective farms. But the outflow of peasants turned out to be so massive that at the end of 1930 the leadership decided to stop it. In the course of collectivization, the question arose about the fate of the prosperous peasantry. At the suggestion of Stalin, a strategic task was defined - to eliminate the kulaks as a class. The fight against the kulaks was especially active in the first months of 1930. Not only wealthy peasants who used hired labor (kulaks) fell under the “dispossession”, but also those who did not agree to go to the collective farm. They were declared to be "fellows". Thus, the liquidation of the kulaks as a "class" was a form of repression against the entire peasantry. By the end of 1931, the leadership of the USSR planned to complete, in the main, collectivization in Ukraine. In 1931, the liquidation of prosperous farms and the confiscation of the property of those who did not want to join the collective farms continued. In total, during the period of collectivization, 200 thousand peasant farms were expropriated, from which about 1.2-1.4 million people suffered. Most of them were deported to Siberia and the North. These people were called "special settlers" and were used for hard work. Many of the dispossessed died.

3. Socio-economic consequences of collectivization.

Forced collectivization and famine led to the destruction of the productive forces in the countryside, which led to a deep crisis in agriculture. This forced to a certain extent to change the policy of the government: to move from coercion and repression to the establishment of firm grain procurement plans, partial restoration of market relations, organizational and material and technical strengthening of collective farms, as well as strengthening the repressive apparatus. For at least a quarter of a century after collectivization, including during periods of peaceful development, the volume of agricultural production did not exceed or was lower than the volumes achieved during the NEP years.

Only the number of livestock decreased in the course of collectivization by half - from 60 million in 1928 to 33 million in 1933-34. By 1953 it had risen to 58 million, but never reached the pre-kolkhoz level. The main tasks of collectivization were achieved: the peasantry was actually enslaved, gratuitous sources were provided for the development of industry and the military-industrial complex. Collectivization was an economic and social disaster, some of the consequences of which were not overcome until today.

"War Communism"

Formation of the USSR: Adoption by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 30, 1924 of the Declaration on the Creation of the USSR and the draft Union Treaty. Education December 30, 1924 CEC of the USSR, consisting of 371 members and 138 candidates, as well as 4 chairmen (from Ukraine - G.I. Petrovsky). Letter from V.I. Lenin dated 12/31/1922 "On the question of nationalities or "autonomization" with a proposal to preserve the union of Soviet ...

Unsustainable grain procurements led to the famine. And Skrypnik, not expecting the inevitable arrest, shot himself. Define the following terms and concepts Slobodskaya Ukraine SLOBODSKAYA UKRAINE is a historical region that was part of the Russian state in the 17-18 centuries (the territory of modern Kharkov and parts of the Sumy, Donetsk, Luhansk regions of Ukraine, as well as Belgorod, Kursk and ...

The creation of the USSR and the adoption of the Union Constitution brought about significant changes in the structure of government and administration of the Ukrainian SSR. 3. Restructuring of the highest bodies of state power and administration of Ukraine in connection with the creation of the USSR

... "ascensions", subsequently had a hand in the descridification of his activities. Fairly criticizing the style and methods of his work, they often crossed out the positive that was in it. V. Khrushchev's activity in Ukraine in the post-war years Despite the fact that during the war and fascist occupation the national economy of Ukraine suffered enormous damage, already at the end of 1948 the industrial ...

Industrialization is the process of creating large-scale machine production and, on this basis, the transition from agrarian to industrial society. IN THE USSR industrialization was carried out by the totalitarian regime in a forced, violent way, by sharply limiting the standard of living of the majority of the population and exploiting the peasantry.

The goals of industrialization in the USSR

1) elimination of technical and economic backwardness;

2) achieving economic independence;

3) bringing the technical base under the backward agriculture;

4) development of new industries;

5) creation of a powerful military-industrial complex.

1) the main source of accumulation of funds for industrialization was carried out by "pumping" funds from the countryside, as well as exploiting the labor enthusiasm of people;

2) the development of the production of means of production to the detriment of the production of consumer goods;

3) militarization of the economy;

4) ultra-high rates of industrialization, "storming".

1st five-year plan

The process of industrialization in Ukraine began in the late 1920s.

Back in December 1925, the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) proclaimed a course towards industrialization. In 1928, the 1st five-year plan began. Her main task was to "catch up and overtake the Western countries" in economic terms . The development of heavy industry was put at the forefront, the plan provided for its growth by 330%. Ukraine, where there were qualified personnel and the necessary infrastructure, received 1/5 of all investments. Of the 1,500 enterprises that were planned to be built in the USSR, 400 were supposed to be built in Ukraine. Various methods were used to raise the enthusiasm of the workers. Among them is mass "socialist emulation", which was especially inculcated after the publication in Pravda (January 1929) of Lenin's article "How to Organize Emulation". In the same 1929, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a decision was made to “accelerate the development of engineering and other branches of heavy industry at any cost.” In 1928-1929. the gross output of Ukrainian industry increased by 20%. At that time, the economy was still feeling the impulses of the NEP, which ensured high growth rates. The successes of the first year of the five-year plan against the backdrop of a deep economic crisis that engulfed the capitalist world in 1929 gave rise to the illusion in the leadership of the USSR that a sharp leap from economic backwardness to the ranks of industrialized states was possible. Stalin declared in 1931: “We are 50-100 years behind the advanced countries. We have to run this distance in 10 years. Either we do it or we will be crushed.” Such a breakthrough required extreme effort, but it was believed that a well-fed and prosperous future was worth several years of hard work and complete self-restraint. The November plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1929 decided "at any cost" to accelerate the development of mechanical engineering and other branches of large-scale industry. Plans for 1930-1931. a 45% increase in industry was envisaged, which meant “storming”. It was an adventure doomed to failure. The failure to fulfill the plan of the first five-year plan was quite natural. Therefore, when its results were summed up, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks forbade all departments to publish statistical data on this matter. Ukraine was offered generalized and formulated by Stalin figures regarding the output of gross output, on the basis of which it was concluded that the five-year plan was completed in four years and three months. In fact, the rate of industrial development fell from 23.7% in 1929 to 5% in 1933. The "storm" policy failed, but certain successes in industrial development were achieved. Thus, in May 1932, the Dneproges gave current, and the Krivorozhskaya, Kyiv and Kharkovskaya power plants operated. 53 new mines were put into operation in the Donbass, 12 blast furnaces and 24 open-hearth furnaces were built at the metallurgical plants of Ukraine. The Dneprospetsstal plant in Zaporozhye and the Kharkov Tractor Plant (KhTZ) were put into operation. At the same time, the standard of living fell sharply - there were queues, food cards, a shortage of the most necessary, life in barracks.

Industrialization in the 30s

Under such conditions, the second five-year plan (1933-1937) began. Her plan was more balanced; it was envisaged that the annual industrial growth would be 16.5%. More funds were supposed to be invested in light industry. But again the focus was on heavy industry.

The second five-year plan, like the first, was declared by the authorities to be "completed ahead of schedule." But this was not true. In reality, the second five-year plan was fulfilled by 70-77%. The third five-year plan was also not completed, since in 1941 it was interrupted by the war. Despite these circumstances, during the years of the pre-war five-year plans in the extremely difficult conditions of the totalitarian regime, the working people of Ukraine created a powerful industrial base, which, according to certain indicators, brought Ukraine to the level of economic developed countries peace. The giants of metallurgy began to produce industrial products: Zaporizhstal,

Azovstal and Krivorozhstal. Kramatorsk were put into operation

engineering. Lugansk locomotive building. Makeevsky, Dneprodzerzhinsky and other metallurgical plants.

Economic and social consequences of industrialization

Positive

* Achievement of economic independence.

* The transformation of the USSR into a powerful industrial and agrarian power.

* Strengthening the country's defense capability, creating a powerful military-industrial complex.

* Creation of the technical base of agriculture.

* Development of new industries, construction of new factories and plants.

Negative

* Formation of a command-administrative economy.

* Creation of opportunities for the military-political expansion of the USSR, militarization of the economy.

* Slowdown in the development of the production of consumer goods.

* Complete collectivization of agriculture.

* Stimulating the extensive development of the economy, moving towards an ecological catastrophe.

In general, the accelerated industrialization of Ukraine did not lead to an increase in the living standards of the people.

The economic power of the state was aimed not at meeting the urgent needs of the people, but at strengthening the totalitarian regime and asserting the ideological dogmas of Bolshevism in the minds of the people, creating military and economic resources for the "export of the revolution."