Budget planning for family income and expenses. Family budget Family budget sources of income and expenses
Family budget any family, consists of expenses and income. In one of the previous articles, I wrote about how to get started. In this article, we will continue to learn the basics of home finance and take a closer look at each category of income and expenses.
In the table below, I have indicated what the categories of expenses and income of our family look like, according to which my wife and I keep records of personal finances.
I will comment on each point and start with income:
Husband's salary, wife's salary and other sources.
These are income categories. In an ordinary average family, there are few such income items, so I think everything is clear here. We indicate how much the husband received, how much the wife received. In the section Other sources, I indicate everything that came to me from other sources. These are all kinds of covens, birthday gifts in the form of money, the sale of any items, such as a car or an old laptop. I even had such a case when in 2007 I twice participated in small car accidents, where I was the injured party. Fortunately for me, these were minor accidents and in those cases I did not repair the car, but asked the insurance companies to transfer it to me cash for repairs to my bank account. After that, having withdrawn this money, it was quite logical to carry out this operation in his “ Family budget”, as Income - Other Sources.
Mandatory expenses
This is a category of family budget expenses, from which we will not get away, no matter how much we would like to. Here I included such expense transactions as rent, payment of telephone bills, Internet and loan payments. These are expenses that I practically cannot adjust, unlike the rest. Except for phone payments only. Of course, you can refuse to talk, but the savings will turn out to be dubious. And since I am an active person in my life and I associate many of my business qualities with mobility and efficiency, I need a fast connection, to which I include a mobile phone and the Internet, I need like air. Moreover, my direct income largely depends on these obligatory expenses. AT Family budget your family, may include other mandatory expenses, they can easily be determined by one to three months of record keeping.
Products
Quite a difficult category to complete. Sometimes even boring. But still necessary for any family budget. The more sub-categories you make, the clearer your food spending situation will be. And the easier, in the future, you will adjust your spending on groceries. For example, one summer I noticed that our spending on foods such as drinks and sweets increased. After analyzing the recent family budget expenditures, I realized that they are connected with hot weather. It was July-August. At that time, spending on soft drinks, ice cream, milkshakes, etc. increased. Seeing that by mid-August I had reached the overspending of my family budget under the Food-Drinks item, I realized that by the end of the month, if I did not take action, the overspending would increase. The first thing that came to my mind was to limit myself in the consumption of drinks. But he immediately rejected this idea, because in hot weather the head thinks about something completely different and a dehydrated body simply will not give a chance to refuse soft drinks. I found the solution pretty quickly. At the wholesale base, I bought dried fruits from which my wife cooked delicious, healthy and thirst-quenching compotes. And they saved the family budget and quenched their thirst.
The same goes for the other Subcategories of our family budget. Effective personal finance management allows you to keep yourself within limits, spend money on food within reasonable limits, save money and be in good shape. financial form!
Automobile
Here, we see the cost items that are quite familiar to every motorist, such as fuel costs, repairs and maintenance, washing, insurance and taxes. Maintaining a family budget allows you to reasonably distribute the financial burden on car maintenance throughout the year. For example, I always take out insurance in January. And in August I pay transport taxes. In the summer I try to spend less money on washing and wash the car myself more often. I'm going through an inspection in February. In April and October I try to change the engine oil and other "consumables" as needed. In winter, fuel consumption increases, and therefore there are adjustments in my financial plan. Well, and accordingly, I try to plan some serious work related to the maintenance and repair of a car for the remaining months “free” from monetary burdens, unless, of course, this is some very urgent repair.
In the above text, I have already indicated such costly months for the family budget as January, February, April, August, October. This also includes the winter months: November, December and March. May, June, July remain free. For these months, I try to plan the expenses of the family budget related to car repairs. I do something myself, especially in the summer it can be done on the street. Sometimes I involve my father or friends. Well, if the matter is complicated, then I drive the car to the service station. In the summer I buy winter tires, because during this period they have the lowest prices. Accordingly, I try to buy summer tires in winter, usually November or December.
Thanks to this approach, the load on the family budget under the Car item usually turns out to be evenly distributed throughout the year. And not like I did before, when I did not plan such things in the family budget. Sometimes I could spend my entire salary on a car in one month, because I did not calculate the load. In such situations, it was often necessary to get into debt, as there was no money left for life, for food, and so on. Effective personal finance management means comfortable spending own funds, and not constant sharp drops from plus to minus, and vice versa.
Entertainment
For a person to be productive throughout life, it is necessary not only to work mentally and physically, but also to relax and have fun. Life is given to us once, so we must live and enjoy life, enjoy it. It is imperative to do what gives you pleasure and brings joy. Otherwise, life will become gray and boring and lose all meaning. But entertainment also needs to be spent wisely. Effective management of the family budget will help you spend your money for the benefit of the business. However, often people, in pursuit of entertainment, lose their goal in themselves and turn life into a continuous entertainment, which is dangerous in itself. You can not make entertainment the meaning of life. The fullness of life lies in this, that everything should be within reasonable limits.
In our family budget there is an expense item "Entertainment". Proper management of personal finances allows us to control and keep ourselves within the limits, but at the same time do what we like. For example, every weekend we try to entertain ourselves in different ways. In the table, I tried to indicate the most interesting ways for our family to spend their leisure time. helped us determine how much money is required for this or that entertainment. For example, based on two people, we usually spend 500-700 rubles on a movie. For sushi 700 - 1000 rubles, a pizzeria 200 - 500 rubles, a coffee shop 300 - 700 rubles, a restaurant 800 - 2500 rubles, a disco 1000 - 2000 rubles.
Here, as well as in other categories, we try to maintain an even distribution of costs throughout the year. Of course, there are situations when we go beyond the planned expenses. But maintaining a family budget helps us out here too. In such cases, we plan cheaper activities for the next weekend or sometimes we refuse them and spend the weekend either in nature or at home at the lowest cost. There was such a case when we went on vacation, which lasted from mid-September to mid-October.
During this vacation, we had a great rest, sunbathed, swam in the sea, gained strength and health, went to discos, restaurants every day, in general, had a good time, again, within the framework of pre-planned money (we will talk about planning in more detail in the following articles). Of course, they paid well for it. Therefore, upon returning home, my wife and I decided that by the end of the year we would try to save our family budget under the Entertainment item, since we had a great vacation on vacation. And, from mid-October until the end of the year, there were practically no serious expenses for Entertainment in our family budget. This did not affect our psychological state in the least, quite the contrary. We were able to set aside more money to invest in our future, which we were very happy about.
Self care
Here, we indicate all the expenses of the family budget that relate to any matters related to taking care of yourself. These are trips to the hairdresser and beauty salons, the purchase of various skin care creams, cosmetics, shampoos, the purchase of necessary medicines. Also, here we include the cost of clothing. The category of self-care is everything related to our appearance, health, condition.
Vacation
Here, we plan and take into account all the expenses associated with a vacation. Keeping a family budget helped us determine how much money we spent on previous trips. For example, the last trip to the sea cost us 111,367 rubles. Moreover, this is not just a figure, but specific data for each item of expenditure, namely the cost of purchasing a voucher, visa, tanning cosmetics, clothes and everything else. My wife and I have vacation pay in total amounted to 75,856 rubles. 111,367 - 75,856 = 35,511 is the money that we took from our reserves, namely, saved earlier and placed on. Now, in order to plan the next vacation, we will take these numbers. We will focus on the same costs and the same vacation pay. Therefore, in our financial plan, we need to make calculations of 35,511 rubles. Dividing them by 11 (so many months we worked before we took a vacation) we get 3,230 rubles. This is the amount we will put aside from our total salary in order to rest next time. I showed you a single example of planning our family budget.
Household products
In this category of the family budget, we indicate the cost of purchasing goods for the home. Accounting for previous acquisitions allows you to systematically make all the necessary purchases for the house in the future. Whether it's a new TV, a kitchen set or goods for repair. Purchasing becomes more meaningful. With the help of the family budget, there are less and less spontaneous expenses. Having received a salary and having a financial plan for a month in our hands, we acquire only what we planned in advance, and not what we suddenly wanted. Having planned a family budget, we understand that having spent more money in one of the categories than was necessary, we will automatically cut ourselves in expenses in other categories. All this is impossible unless family budget.
Education
There is a clear conviction in our family that a person in his development must constantly overcome new frontiers. You can not stop in your development: mental, spiritual, physical. You need to constantly work on yourself. Practice, read, try, ask, learn, etc. We try to use every second of our lives wisely. We are not supporters of spending our leisure time with a bottle of beer near the TV for 365 days a year. We are happy to spend time on our own development. This is usually reading, watching video trainings and listening to audio books. The Internet provides endless possibilities. it's like a huge encyclopedia where you can find anything you want. Like, for example, this site that will teach you how to lead effectively!
That is why we have such an item of expenditure as "Education". We regularly buy magazines and books. We attend various educational programs, get higher education. Although "Education" is an expense item, I still prefer to talk about it as an investment in yourself that will pay off over time. After all, with every book I read, an audio file I listened to, or a video seminar I watched, I become more informed on various issues, which is subsequently reflected in practice. I learn about new ways to improve the quality of my work, improve relationships with people, learn about new ways to sell, ways to invest, etc. I receive a lot of new information that helps me in various issues and makes me and my family members more successful in life. Due to the fact that at one time I did not engage in idleness, now I know and know how to properly manage money and effectively manage my Family Budget.
Miscellaneous
This is a necessary category, which is present in the form of subcategories and in other sections of our family budget. It reflects such expenses that I could not attribute to any existing ones. There is a subcategory “Unplanned” here, since life is an unpredictable thing and only seers can predict what will happen in the next minute. I do not consider myself one of them, therefore I have such a subcategory in my family budget. No one is immune from various incidents in life that entailed monetary expenses.
In addition, no matter how disciplined my wife and I are, there are occasional spendings of money that we do not have time to do or simply forget to record. As a result, the subcategory "Miscellaneous - Unknown" appeared. As a rule, these are small amounts, from 50 to 500 rubles per month. Be prepared for the fact that some part of the money, your family budget, will still go past the cash register.
Translation
If we consider the management of personal finance from an economic point of view, then the family budget is a kind of system within which money flows. They come and go. The “Transfer” category is used to take into account the movement of money to other systems. In various programs for maintaining the Family Budget, such systems are usually called accounts. Since our task is to learn how to properly manage the money we earn, as well as find opportunities to save some part of the money that will work for us in the future, then, accordingly, there must be another system in which the deferred money will exist, accumulate and multiply. Such a system is usually
Tutorial. Section 2. Family budget
In the second section, given general provisions about the family budget, sources of income and basic expenses, forms of savings and types of insurance. It examines the motives and rules of rational behavior, the rights of the consumer and the mechanism for their protection, raises questions of the formation of consumer culture.
Topic 2.1. Sources of family income, main types of family expenses. Savings of the population. Insurance
1. Family budget: sources of income and main types of expenses.
2. Savings of the population.
3. Insurance.
After studying this topic, you will be able to:
· Disclose the content of the family budget, sources of income and main types of expenses;
· Describe the various forms of savings and types of insurance;
Analyze statistical data characterizing the structure of income and expenses, cash savings population of Russia;
· Draw up a personal and family budget, identify ways to save money;
· To understand the need to form a culture of rational behavior in the financial market.
Family budget: sources of income and main types of expenses.
The basis of the financial base of any family is budget, representing the list (balance) of cash income, expenses and savings for a certain period.
The level of income of the population is the most important indicator of the well-being of society, a determining factor in relation to the social opportunities of the population: recreation, education, health maintenance. The level of consumption of the population also directly depends on the level of income. This was first noticed by the German statistician E. Engel (1821-1896). Analyzing the statistical data of different years and different countries, he noted that the lower the income, the greater part of it is spent on food and nutrition worsens, i.e. the greater part of it falls on the physical content and less remains for spiritual development.
Analysis of the structure of incomes and expenditures of the population of Russia for the period 1970-2010. clearly shows how the transformation of the command-administrative economy into a mixed economic system. In the structure of income, the share of income from entrepreneurial activity and property increases, expenses for the purchase of foreign currency appear, etc.
Population income- the amount of money and material goods received or produced by households for a certain period of time. Monetary incomes of the population include wages, income from entrepreneurial activities, pensions, scholarships, various allowances, income from property in the form of interest, dividends, rents, funds from the sale of securities, real estate, agricultural products, various products, as well as income from various services provided on the side. Indirect family income can include state expenses for the maintenance of schools, medical institutions, housing construction, etc.
There are primary incomes, which include receipts received from the ownership of factors of production, and disposable incomes of the population - the result of redistributive processes. The latter are calculated by adding social transfers to primary income and subtracting mandatory payments and fees. The population, families and individual citizens have the resulting amount of funds, i.e. can use at their own discretion.
Social transfers is the transfer of resources in cash and in kind by government and non-profit organizations to the public free of charge. These include pensions, scholarships, allowances, other social assistance, as well as free services, primarily in the field of education and health.
The amount of income of the population is significantly affected by the size wages, since the most important of all economic resources used in the production of goods and services is labor. This is explained by the fact that: firstly, almost every able-bodied member of society is a subject of the labor market; secondly, wages make up the bulk of the income of the vast majority of families in any country; political and economic struggle, public policy.
Wage how the price of labor is formed under the influence of the demand for labor services and their supply (essentially, it is not labor itself that is inseparable from the person himself, who is not an object of sale in the modern world, but labor services) that is sold.
Distinguish between nominal and real wages. Nominal wages It is expressed in money that workers receive for their work. Real wage- a set of goods and services that can be purchased with the money received, taking into account their purchasing power.
The dynamics of retail prices and taxes, the degree of saturation of the consumer market with goods also affect the level and dynamics of the population's income, since nominal and real income indicators are used.
Nominal income- the amount of money received by individuals during a certain period, and real income- the amount of goods and services that can be purchased for the amount of nominal income at the existing level of taxes and prices during a certain period, i.e. this is disposable income adjusted for the consumer price index.
The consumer price index is the change in the cost of basic consumer goods and services over a given period, expressed as a percentage.
taxes- these are mandatory payments levied from individuals (population) and legal entities to the state revenue. Distinguish:
direct taxes, which are levied directly on the income or property of the population. Bid income tax With individuals in Russia is 13% for any amount of income;
· indirect taxes, which are included in the price of goods and services. These include value added taxes, excises on tobacco and alcohol products.
Disposable income can be used for personal consumption and savings.
Population spending- these are the costs for the purchase of goods and services, mandatory payments and contributions paid by the population, for the growth of the population's savings in deposits, the purchase of government and other securities, the purchase of real estate, and the purchase of foreign currency.
First, the growth in household incomes leads to the fact that the cost of food (ie, the main agricultural products) begins to lag behind the cost of industrial production. Obviously, the nutritional needs of people are limited by their biological nature, while the needs for manufactured goods are more diverse and have no obvious physical limits. In the future, the growth of incomes of the population leads to the fact that the costs of services begin to grow faster than the demand for manufactured goods.
Family expenses can be fixed (for example, utility bills) and variable (expenses for food, clothing), planned in advance and unexpected.
In the case of equality of expenses and incomes of the family, the budget is called balanced. If the estimated expenditure exceeds the expected income, there is budget deficit. If revenues exceed expenditures, they talk about budget execution with surplus.
The student must know: the essence of the family budget, the rules for maintaining the family budget, the structure of family income and expenses, family budget planning, the essence of insurance, compulsory and voluntary insurance.
Key words and terms: family budget; family income and expenses; family budget deficit; sources of accumulation of the family budget; family balance; insurance; personal insurance; medical insurance; insurance risks.
Sources of family income, main types of family expenses
The essence of the family budget
Family budget- is the income and expenses of the family for a certain period of time (month, year). The family budget allows you to control the money in the family and distribute it correctly.
The importance of the family budget both for the family (as the first cell of society) and for the state is that the organization of accounting for cash income and expenses in the family allows you to control and distribute financial resources.
For the existence of a family budget, it is formally necessary:
- 1) the presence of the family itself;
- 2) the presence of any form of accounting for income and expenses.
Budgeting strategies in different families can greatly
differ. Some families keep records of expenses, while others do not. In our country, according to statistics, most of the population does not keep any records.
Large purchases (household, audio and video equipment) in most Russian families are planned in advance (69%), spontaneous purchases are made by 14%. The facts are clear - in about every seventh Russian family it is not customary to plan large expenses in advance. Interestingly, this indicator does not depend on the level of family income: families with low and high incomes are equally inclined to spontaneous large expenses (Fig. 2.1).
Any family receives income from various sources and spends them on consumer spending. The income received is spent on meeting the needs of people - on those benefits that are necessary to ensure the livelihoods of people and the existence of their families. As a result, revenues are converted into expenses.
Income is money or material goods received by individuals or legal entities when they perform any
Rice. 2.1.
actions related to the receipt of remuneration or profit for the efficiency of economic activity (Fig. 2.2). Where do Russians get money for large purchases? Most often:
- save money - 30%,
- buy goods on credit - 26%,
- spend on the purchase the amount they currently have - 14%,
- other options (get a loan from a bank, borrow from friends, etc.) are rare.
Rice. 2.2.
Family expenses- these are the costs (costs) for the consumption of material or spiritual benefits of a person.
Russians regularly keep records and calculate expenses in less than half of Russian families (43% - this is accepted, 50% - not accepted). And this does not depend on the level of family income (Fig. 2.3).
Rice. 2.3.
In most cases, Russians believe that maintaining a family budget and regular accounting of expenses helps to significantly save money (54% agree with this). Nevertheless, even among those who agree with this, 28% do not keep records of expenses (Fig. 2.4). Why? Either there is no real need, or there is no corresponding financial culture.
Rice. 2.4.
Statistics show that those who keep records of family finances, compared to those who do not, have the opportunity to reduce family expenses and increase incomes.
Most Russians start keeping a family budget and accounting for their expenses out of necessity, due to some circumstances, and not because of a conscious approach to financial planning. It is generally not customary for half of the population to take into account their expenses. This indicates that most of the population lacks financial literacy and financial planning skills.
Lecture No. 8
Topic: "Family budget".
1. The concept of a family budget.
2. Sources of family income.
3. Main items of expenditure.
The concept of family budget.
End of form
Budget(from English - budget) - a money bag is literally translated; list, estimate of cash income and expenses of the family for a certain period of time.
Depending on the subject, the budget can be divided into: personal; family; enterprises, firms and public organizations; state; municipal.
The main guarantee of the material well-being of the family is the issue of effective use of income. One of the most important ways is to prepare a family budget.
A budget is a financial plan that summarizes income and expenses over a given period of time. When the budget shows that expenses exactly equal income, it is called balanced. If the estimated expenditures exceed the amount of expected revenues, then they say that this budget has a deficit (deficit). A budget in which revenues exceed expenditures will have a surplus (surplus or surplus).
While there are as many ways to manage a family budget as there are families, the process usually has three main phases: setting financial goals, assessing income, and planning expenses.
Setting financial goals. Obviously, most of the expenses are used for everyday needs, the family needs to plan the largest purchases in advance. To buy a car, start a business, continue education, etc. it will take much more money than the monthly income of the family. Therefore, you will have to make savings in advance to achieve these goals in the near future.
Income Estimation- compiling a list of all sources of family income.
Cost planning. Finally, you will need to list all the things that the family will buy or for which she needs to pay for within a certain period of time. This will allow you to rethink the needs and eliminate all unnecessary things that you can do without at this time.
Sources of family income.
Wage. The first most important and most common type of income is wages, as well as other payments (for example, bonuses) for work performed. During the years of economic reforms, the share of wages of employees in the income of the population has decreased to 39%, while previously wages amounted to approximately 75% of the total income of citizens. The decline in the share of wages in income was mainly due to the rapid development of such forms of economic activity like entrepreneurship and self-employment.
Social transfers- this is money paid by the state to support the life of those citizens who are not able to fully provide for themselves on their own, or to stimulate certain types of activities. Transfers are pensions, scholarships, allowances for large families, unemployment benefits. Their payments are necessary to provide assistance to socially unprotected parts of the population: the sick, the elderly, the unemployed, the disabled. Currently, such payments account for more than 16% of the income of the average Russian citizen.
Property income include income from rented real estate, interest received on bank deposits or securities, dividends on securities held by families.
Entrepreneurial profit is the cash that remains with a firm after all liabilities have been paid.
unexpected income. Sometimes there are unexpected incomes that literally fell from the sky: lottery winnings, gifts, an inheritance from a long-forgotten uncle from Canada, etc. The quality of life reflects the satisfaction of people with their material and spiritual benefits (comfort, life expectancy, security). The quality of life is assessed by criteria: high, medium, satisfactory, low.
Main items of expenditure.
Standard of living characterizes a quantitative measure of the well-being of people. When assessing the standard of living, indicators of annual consumption of food, clothes, shoes, per person, family are used. There are standards for food consumption: bread and potatoes - 80 kg, vegetables - 150 kg, fruits - 70-80 kg, meat - 60-70 kg per person per year. Economists have calculated that a person is normally provided with clothes and shoes if he has 3 suits and 3 pairs of shoes, updating suits 1 time in 2 years, and shoes annually.
Living wage- the cost of the consumer basket (the minimum required set of goods and services). A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered poor and has the right to receive state and social assistance.
Poverty- the standard of living of people at which their incomes do not allow covering the costs of satisfying even the most basic needs. In each country, based on the price level and the minimum required set of goods and services (“consumer basket”), the so-called subsistence minimum is calculated. People whose consumption is below the subsistence minimum are said to be living below the poverty line. The causes of poverty can be different: from wars and natural disasters, to laziness and drunkenness.
A family whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level is considered poor and has the right to receive state and social assistance.
Circumstances have changed significantly in a hundred years, and so have human needs. At the beginning of the 20th century, needs were mostly satisfied at the physiological level, and very little at the spiritual and social level. At present, the needs of the first, second and third levels are practically satisfied, and the needs are being saturated higher levels– gaining recognition, respect and self-realization. In accordance with this, the expenditure items of the modern family have also changed. More money is spent on household appliances, education, recreation, fashionable clothes, quality food, and so on.
According to Engel's law- with an increase in income, consumption shifts towards more expensive goods, with a decrease - essential goods.
One way to determine the degree of inequality is to compare the incomes of the richest 10% and the poorest 10%, it should equal 10.
Money is the means necessary for human existence, they play an important role in our life. Often, many families experience a shortage of funds. Not only young families who have just begun to lead a life together, but also families who have been married for many years.
It seems that the income is the same as in the families of girlfriends, but for some reason it is not enough, at least cry, and you constantly have to borrow from your parents, then from friends until payday. Where does the money go? Why do they flow like sand through your fingers? And how do others manage not only to save money until the next paycheck, but also to increase and accumulate? Why does a friend always have a full wallet, like she buys the same products? But you have no money a week after the payday, and she always has money.
Family budget: Income and expenses
- this is the total amount of income and expenses of all family members during a certain time.
Family income It consists of the money that spouses receive in the form of wages, from child allowances, alimony, pensions, from renting out housing, from accruing interest on bank deposits and other cash receipts.
The family income also includes material assistance from relatives, for example: parents give a certain amount of money to a young family every month or children help elderly parents.
Expenses is the money spent on the maintenance of the family. There are expenses permanent and unforeseen.
fixed costs- these are payments for services that must be paid monthly: utility bills, payment for communication services, for parking, for credit, for kindergarten, for children studying in educational institutions. Fixed expenses include the cost of food and medicine, household chemicals, car maintenance. You should also allocate money for pocket expenses, for travel in public transport, for lunch at work and in educational institutions.
You just need to spend some amount of money every month on entertainment: going to the cinema or theater, home holidays, buying books or CDs. Also, fixed expenses should include money that the family saves in reserve, for vacation or for apartment renovation, or for purchasing large purchases: a car, household appliances, new furniture, clothes and shoes.
Unexpected expenses- these are expenses that often unexpectedly arise in the family and which simply cannot be postponed. Suddenly, one of the family members has a toothache and it is simply necessary to pay a visit to the dentist. Or one of the family members is ill. Consultations, medical procedures and tests are required. Despite the fact that we have free medicine, you have to pay for everything. Also, a refrigerator or a washing machine, other household appliances, a car may break down in the house - you will have to call the master and pay for repairs. Or urgently need repair of clothes or shoes.
How to correctly distribute expenses for a month? What can you save on?
Determine for yourself the expense items, let's say "food", "payments" and so on. You can start a notebook, make a table of income and expenses and write down daily what you spent money on. Or you can just take a few envelopes, sign each envelope "payments", "food", "clothes and shoes" and so on, put into envelopes the amounts that you are going to spend for these purposes. Boxes can be used instead of envelopes. For example: 6 envelopes.
Payments(utilities, loans and other obligatory payments). Calculate how much money per month you need to pay for services. Try to immediately pay all bills, do not accumulate debts, because if you do not pay for services on time, fines and penalties are charged.
You can save on payments by installing meters for hot water, cold water, and electricity.
Meals and household expenses(products, medicines, hygiene items, household chemicals,
stationery and other essentials). Calculate how much money you need for food and other goods, put the money in an envelope labeled "food", and spend this money strictly for its intended purpose.
How can you save on food? Do not buy ready-made food, salads, fried meatballs, cook yourself. It will be both cheaper and healthier, because it is not known how many days this salad has been on the counter. Try to buy semi-finished products less often, it’s better to stick dumplings and dumplings yourself, and freeze, in reserve, it will be much more profitable and tastier.
Let you always have a supply of products that are stored for a long time - sugar, tea, flour, cereals. It’s good if you make homemade preparations, salt cabbage, pickle cucumbers and tomatoes, prepare jam and compotes for the winter. You can freeze berries and mushrooms. In this case, even if the money runs out, you can hold out on stocks until payday.
Do not buy those products that you can do without - chips, crackers, soda, chocolate bars, beer, salted fish for beer and other little things. It is no secret that in many families beer is bought daily, as well as cigarettes. So calculate how much money in your family is spent on bad habits, on various trifles.
Don't grab everything. In the store, buy products according to a previously compiled list, do not take perishable products in large quantities, do not be greedy, you do not need sausage and cheese to lie in the refrigerator for several days. It is better to purchase a smaller quantity so that you do not have to throw out spoiled products. And they advise you not to go to the store on an empty stomach.
Clothing and footwear. Set aside part of your salary to buy clothes and shoes. You can make a list of things to buy. Such trifles as socks, tights, underwear can be purchased monthly, of course, as needed. If the amount that you plan to save for clothes is enough, then you can buy larger updates. If it is difficult with money, then it is better not to spend this money, let it lie in an envelope until the next salary.
Approach the purchase of clothes thoughtfully, buy only the necessary things, things that fit well on your figure. Try to pay attention to the quality of the goods, because it often happens that after the first wash, clothes lose both color and appearance.
Don't waste money on unnecessary things, things that will hang in the closet that you won't wear. After all, it often happens that we buy a skirt or shoes only because everyone bought them or because the price is low.
To save money, you can buy clothes and shoes at sales or use discount cards. 
stock(money for holidays, for large purchases, for the education of children, for repairs in the apartment).
If your children study at universities on a paid basis, then you just need to set aside money in reserve every month. Divide the amount you need to pay for a year of study by 12 and set aside monthly. After all, you must admit that it is very difficult to immediately give the entire amount. It is better to immediately put aside the money that you allocate to a passbook, then there will be no temptation to spend it on other needs. At the same time, interest will be charged on them, which means your income will increase.
Pocket expenses(lunches, travel, personal money). Allocating pocket money is a must. Each family member should have a certain amount of money that he will spend on lunches at the place of work or study, on public transport, on the purchase of cigarettes, if one of the family members smokes, on all sorts of little things for personal needs. In this section, you can add such an expense item as entertainment. The family can spend this amount of money on trips to the cinema, to the zoo, on holidays and birthdays.
Is it possible to save on pocket expenses? It is possible, if the place of work and study is not far from home, it is better to walk, and it is better to come home for lunch. You can and even should quit smoking, or smoke less.
Unexpected expenses. Money for unforeseen expenses must be set aside, and if this money does not have to be spent this month, you can use it for other needs. And even better, if this money is not spent, but accumulated as a reserve.
How to increase family income?
Don't get into debt.
First of all, try to live within your means, do not spend more than you earn. Do not get into debt if you are in debt, as if in silks, make every effort to pay off your debts. Do not grab loans, because often many families have not one, but several loans. They bought a TV set on credit, bought a fur coat and a car for his wife, and almost the entire salary goes to repay the loan. Of course, you want everything now and immediately. So you have to sit for years without a penny, live in lack of money, denying yourself everything.
Find a part time job.
Even after you have begun to properly manage your cash income, you still do not have enough money to pay, then you really need to try to find a part-time job or change jobs to a higher paying one. Try to show yourself at work from the best side, raise your professional level so that you are noticed and your salary is revised upwards.
Also look for opportunities to make money. If you have a car, you can find clients that you can drive to work for a fee, or take them wherever they need to, during their free time or on weekends.
You can find a job on the Internet, if you have children, you can start selling children's things, because you know children grow up quickly and clothes do not have time to wear out. There will always be moms who want to buy things cheaper, and you will have an extra penny to your income. The most elementary increase to your income is a part-time job after the main job. You can get a job as a technician or a loader. You can sew, knit to order, repair equipment. Everything is in your hands, do not be lazy, you yourself know that "water does not flow under a lying stone."
Be positive about money.
In order to increase your income, you just need to develop a positive attitude towards money. After all, as many of us say: “money is dirt”, “happiness is not in money”, “you won’t earn all the money”. Money loves those people who love them, treat them with respect. Never say that you have no money, do not complain that you cannot make ends meet, by doing this you only exacerbate money problems, suggesting to yourself and others that you are not able to have more large amount of money.
If you are saving money for some specific purpose, imagine that this goal will soon come closer or that happy moment has already arrived, and you are already relaxing by the sea, or with pleasure, planting flowers in your new dacha, or eating with your family in your new car. Dream, because thoughts attract events and the dream will surely come true. Never say that you are saving money for a "rainy day", because a rainy day is trouble, grief, misfortune. If you constantly repeat that this money is for a "rainy day", then you will program and attract failures into your life.
Ways to raise money.
There are many ways to raise money. These are all kinds of magical rituals, conspiracies, prayers and folk omens. Each person has their own tried and tested methods that work. How this happens is not clear, but it definitely works. I don’t know about magical rituals, I didn’t use them, but I also have several signs and methods that I use. Of course, if you lie on the stove and do not work, then no signs, prayers and conspiracies will help increase the wealth in the family.
On the kitchen table under a tablecloth or oilcloth, put a few banknotes and let them lie there, this is so that there is prosperity in the house.
Do not put an empty bottle on the table, and do not brush bread crumbs off the table with your hand, so as not to live in poverty.
May the salt shaker always be full of salt. The jar in which you store the salt should also be full. Constantly pour salt into it - this is so that there is abundance in the house.
The refrigerator should not stand opposite the door. It should always be clean, spoiled and moldy products should not be stored in it. Do not put any rubbish on top of the refrigerator. Keep the stove, kitchen table and sink clean. The kitchen is the personification of your wealth, there should always be order.
Don't take out the trash after sunset. Keep the trash can clean, cover it with a lid and put it in a closet under the sink so that it is hidden from view.
Place a pile of coins in the corners of the apartment and do not touch them, sometimes add new coins to make money.
Pour a trifle into a beautiful box and constantly pour a trifle into it. Put different banknotes in the box, you can even use all kinds of coupons that depict money, such coupons are often given when buying household appliances. If you have not used them, then you can put them to divorce money by adding a few real bills to them.
Repair all dripping faucets, leaking toilets, close the toilet lid. This must be done so that the money does not flow away.
Do not whistle in the apartment. There will be no money.
There should be an unchangeable banknote in the wallet, which is not to be spent, it is better to let it be a banknote of another state. I have had such a banknote in my wallet for several years, which was left over from a trip to visit relatives in another country. And I believe that it is thanks to this money that I always have money in my wallet. And the husband believes that a bag of spices and salt from Rolton noodles attracts money to his wallet. Some people have a dried horseradish root in their wallet and they say that it also helps to attract money.
Put a coin in the pockets of outerwear, even if these clothes hang in the closet.
Be sure to show the new moon money to the new moon, preferably the largest that you have at this time. This must be done so that you have money for the whole month and that your income grows.
Place the broom in the corner with the whisk up.
Plant a money tree at home, which is considered a symbol of income and prosperity.
Do not borrow money or repay debt in the evening and at night.
Don't lend money to people who drink and who don't repay and borrow for a bottle.
And so that your family becomes financially prosperous, so that the family has money, do not be lazy, work and work!